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سبک‌های متداول استناد

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Category: research quides

 

 

سبک‌های متداول استناد برای نگارش علمی

  APA   image   ACM   image   Harvard    image   IEEE   image   Vancouver

 

 

 

اطلاعات خلاصه سبک‌های استناد:

  • APA: (انجمن روانشناسی آمریکا) مناسب رشته‌های روانشناسی، علوم اجتماعی. منابع را براساس نام فامیل نویسنده الفبایی می‌کند. ارجاع درون‌متنی: (Raskin, 2002)
  • ACM: (انجمن ماشین آلات کامپیوتری) مناسب رشته‌های کامپیوتر، منابع را براساس نام فامیل نویسنده الفبایی می‌کند. ارجاع درون‌متنی: [Phillips 2001]
  • Harvard: منابع را براساس نام فامیل نویسنده الفبایی می‌کند. ارجاع درون‌متنی: (Smith & Bruce 1997)
  • IEEE: (موسسه مهندسان برق و الکترونیک) منابع را به ترتیب استناد و براساس شماره فهرست می‌کند. ارجاع درون‌متنی: [1] یا [8, 10]
  • Vancouver: منابع را به ترتیب استناد و براساس شماره فهرست می‌کند. ارجاع درون‌متنی: 1,3,5

 

موتورهای استناددهی خودکار:

با توجه به اهمیت استناددهی و رعایت سبک‌های صحیح استناد، برای منابع لاتین می‌توانید از ماشین‌های استناد نیز استفاده کنید که با انتخاب نوع استناد و دریافت اطلاعات خاص درباره منبع از شما، به طور خودکار ساختار استناددهی همان منبع را در اختیار شما قرار می‌دهند که می‌توانید از آن استفاده کنید.  برخی از موتورهای استناددهی را می‌توانید از لینک‌های زیر استفاده کنید:

  • EasyBib: هدف توانمندسازی دانشجویان در استفاده از استنادات در فرایند پژوهش است.
  • BibMe: ساده‌ترین ابزاری که برای استناد کاملا خودکار و رایگان قابل استفاده است.
  • Citation Machine: ماشین استناد در سه گام به پژوهشگران کمک می‌کند تا استنادات خود را شکل دهند.
  • Reference Generator:  سامانه تولید خودکار منابع برون‌متنی(مرکز منطقه‌ای اطلاع‌رسانی علوم و فناوری)

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

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  • SELECT `c`.`id`,`c`.`asset_id`,`c`.`access`,`c`.`alias`,`c`.`checked_out`,`c`.`checked_out_time`,`c`.`created_time`,`c`.`created_user_id`,`c`.`description`,`c`.`extension`,`c`.`hits`,`c`.`language`,`c`.`level`,`c`.`lft`,`c`.`metadata`,`c`.`metadesc`,`c`.`metakey`,`c`.`modified_time`,`c`.`note`,`c`.`params`,`c`.`parent_id`,`c`.`path`,`c`.`published`,`c`.`rgt`,`c`.`title`,`c`.`modified_user_id`,`c`.`version`, CASE WHEN CHAR_LENGTH(`c`.`alias`) != 0 THEN CONCAT_WS(':', `c`.`id`, `c`.`alias`) ELSE `c`.`id` END as `slug` FROM `hcnov_categories` AS `s` INNER JOIN `hcnov_categories` AS `c` ON (`s`.`lft` < `c`.`lft` AND `c`.`lft` < `s`.`rgt` AND `c`.`language` IN (:preparedArray3,:preparedArray4)) OR (`c`.`lft` <= `s`.`lft` AND `s`.`rgt` <= `c`.`rgt`) WHERE (`c`.`extension` = :extension OR `c`.`extension` = 'system') AND `c`.`access` IN (:preparedArray1,:preparedArray2) AND `c`.`published` = 1 AND `s`.`id` = :id ORDER BY `c`.`lft`211μs19.16KBParams/libraries/src/Categories/Categories.php:375Copy
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  • SELECT `c`.`id`,`c`.`asset_id`,`c`.`access`,`c`.`alias`,`c`.`checked_out`,`c`.`checked_out_time`,`c`.`created_time`,`c`.`created_user_id`,`c`.`description`,`c`.`extension`,`c`.`hits`,`c`.`language`,`c`.`level`,`c`.`lft`,`c`.`metadata`,`c`.`metadesc`,`c`.`metakey`,`c`.`modified_time`,`c`.`note`,`c`.`params`,`c`.`parent_id`,`c`.`path`,`c`.`published`,`c`.`rgt`,`c`.`title`,`c`.`modified_user_id`,`c`.`version`, CASE WHEN CHAR_LENGTH(`c`.`alias`) != 0 THEN CONCAT_WS(':', `c`.`id`, `c`.`alias`) ELSE `c`.`id` END as `slug` FROM `hcnov_categories` AS `s` INNER JOIN `hcnov_categories` AS `c` ON (`s`.`lft` < `c`.`lft` AND `c`.`lft` < `s`.`rgt` AND `c`.`language` IN (:preparedArray3,:preparedArray4)) OR (`c`.`lft` <= `s`.`lft` AND `s`.`rgt` <= `c`.`rgt`) WHERE (`c`.`extension` = :extension OR `c`.`extension` = 'system') AND `c`.`access` IN (:preparedArray1,:preparedArray2) AND `c`.`published` = 1 AND `s`.`id` = :id ORDER BY `c`.`lft`199μs19.16KBParams/libraries/src/Categories/Categories.php:375Copy
  • SELECT `language`,`id` FROM `hcnov_menu` WHERE `home` = '1' AND `published` = 1 AND `client_id` = 0373μs16.13KB/libraries/src/Language/Multilanguage.php:123Copy
  • SELECT `alias` FROM `hcnov_content` WHERE `id` = :id157μs16.92KBParams/components/com_content/src/Service/Router.php:168Copy
  • SELECT `c`.`id`,`c`.`asset_id`,`c`.`access`,`c`.`alias`,`c`.`checked_out`,`c`.`checked_out_time`,`c`.`created_time`,`c`.`created_user_id`,`c`.`description`,`c`.`extension`,`c`.`hits`,`c`.`language`,`c`.`level`,`c`.`lft`,`c`.`metadata`,`c`.`metadesc`,`c`.`metakey`,`c`.`modified_time`,`c`.`note`,`c`.`params`,`c`.`parent_id`,`c`.`path`,`c`.`published`,`c`.`rgt`,`c`.`title`,`c`.`modified_user_id`,`c`.`version`, CASE WHEN CHAR_LENGTH(`c`.`alias`) != 0 THEN CONCAT_WS(':', `c`.`id`, `c`.`alias`) ELSE `c`.`id` END as `slug` FROM `hcnov_categories` AS `s` INNER JOIN `hcnov_categories` AS `c` ON (`s`.`lft` < `c`.`lft` AND `c`.`lft` < `s`.`rgt` AND `c`.`language` IN (:preparedArray3,:preparedArray4)) OR (`c`.`lft` <= `s`.`lft` AND `s`.`rgt` <= `c`.`rgt`) WHERE (`c`.`extension` = :extension OR `c`.`extension` = 'system') AND `c`.`access` IN (:preparedArray1,:preparedArray2) AND `c`.`published` = 1 AND `s`.`id` = :id ORDER BY `c`.`lft`191μs19.13KBParams/libraries/src/Categories/Categories.php:375Copy
  • SELECT `alias` FROM `hcnov_content` WHERE `id` = :id105μs16.92KBParams/components/com_content/src/Service/Router.php:168Copy
  • SELECT `c2`.`language`,CONCAT_WS(':', `c2`.`id`, `c2`.`alias`) AS `id`,CONCAT_WS(':', `ca`.`id`, `ca`.`alias`) AS `catid` FROM `hcnov_content` AS `c` INNER JOIN `hcnov_associations` AS `a` ON `a`.`id` = `c`.`id` AND `a`.`context` = :context INNER JOIN `hcnov_associations` AS `a2` ON `a`.`key` = `a2`.`key` INNER JOIN `hcnov_content` AS `c2` ON `a2`.`id` = `c2`.`id` INNER JOIN `hcnov_categories` AS `ca` ON `c2`.`catid` = `ca`.`id` AND `ca`.`extension` = :extension2 WHERE `c`.`id` = :id AND c2.access IN (1,5) AND c2.language != 'en-GB' AND (c2.publish_up IS NULL OR c2.publish_up <= '2025-06-13 20:42:36') AND (c2.publish_down IS NULL OR c2.publish_down >= '2025-06-13 20:42:36') AND c2.state = 11.34ms17.85KBParams/libraries/src/Language/Associations.php:145Copy
  • SELECT `m`.`id`,`m`.`title`,`m`.`module`,`m`.`position`,`m`.`content`,`m`.`showtitle`,`m`.`params`,`mm`.`menuid` FROM `hcnov_modules` AS `m` LEFT JOIN `hcnov_modules_menu` AS `mm` ON `mm`.`moduleid` = `m`.`id` LEFT JOIN `hcnov_extensions` AS `e` ON `e`.`element` = `m`.`module` AND `e`.`client_id` = `m`.`client_id` WHERE ( ( (`m`.`published` = 1 AND `e`.`enabled` = 1 AND `m`.`client_id` = :clientId AND `m`.`access` IN (:preparedArray1,:preparedArray2)) AND (`m`.`publish_up` IS NULL OR `m`.`publish_up` <= :publishUp)) AND (`m`.`publish_down` IS NULL OR `m`.`publish_down` >= :publishDown)) AND (`mm`.`menuid` = :itemId OR `mm`.`menuid` <= 0) AND `m`.`language` IN (:preparedArray3,:preparedArray4) ORDER BY `m`.`position`,`m`.`ordering`4.1ms330.67KBParams/libraries/src/Cache/Controller/CallbackController.php:51Copy
  • SELECT `alias` FROM `hcnov_content` WHERE `id` = :id246μs16.92KBParams/components/com_content/src/Service/Router.php:168Copy
  • SELECT `c`.`id`,`c`.`asset_id`,`c`.`access`,`c`.`alias`,`c`.`checked_out`,`c`.`checked_out_time`,`c`.`created_time`,`c`.`created_user_id`,`c`.`description`,`c`.`extension`,`c`.`hits`,`c`.`language`,`c`.`level`,`c`.`lft`,`c`.`metadata`,`c`.`metadesc`,`c`.`metakey`,`c`.`modified_time`,`c`.`note`,`c`.`params`,`c`.`parent_id`,`c`.`path`,`c`.`published`,`c`.`rgt`,`c`.`title`,`c`.`modified_user_id`,`c`.`version`, CASE WHEN CHAR_LENGTH(`c`.`alias`) != 0 THEN CONCAT_WS(':', `c`.`id`, `c`.`alias`) ELSE `c`.`id` END as `slug` FROM `hcnov_categories` AS `s` INNER JOIN `hcnov_categories` AS `c` ON (`s`.`lft` < `c`.`lft` AND `c`.`lft` < `s`.`rgt` AND `c`.`language` IN (:preparedArray3,:preparedArray4)) OR (`c`.`lft` <= `s`.`lft` AND `s`.`rgt` <= `c`.`rgt`) WHERE (`c`.`extension` = :extension OR `c`.`extension` = 'system') AND `c`.`access` IN (:preparedArray1,:preparedArray2) AND `c`.`published` = 1 AND `s`.`id` = :id ORDER BY `c`.`lft`127μs19.13KBParams/libraries/src/Categories/Categories.php:375Copy
  • SELECT `alias` FROM `hcnov_content` WHERE `id` = :id66μs16.92KBParams/components/com_content/src/Service/Router.php:168Copy
  • SELECT SUM(CASE WHEN `a`.`next_execution` <= :now THEN 1 ELSE 0 END) AS due_count,SUM(CASE WHEN `a`.`locked` IS NULL THEN 0 ELSE 1 END) AS locked_count FROM `hcnov_scheduler_tasks` AS `a` WHERE `a`.`state` = 1774μs17.1KBParams/administrator/components/com_scheduler/src/Model/TasksModel.php:466Copy
  • SELECT `alias` FROM `hcnov_content` WHERE `id` = :id313μs19.42KBParams/components/com_content/src/Service/Router.php:168Copy
  • SELECT `c`.`id`,`c`.`asset_id`,`c`.`access`,`c`.`alias`,`c`.`checked_out`,`c`.`checked_out_time`,`c`.`created_time`,`c`.`created_user_id`,`c`.`description`,`c`.`extension`,`c`.`hits`,`c`.`language`,`c`.`level`,`c`.`lft`,`c`.`metadata`,`c`.`metadesc`,`c`.`metakey`,`c`.`modified_time`,`c`.`note`,`c`.`params`,`c`.`parent_id`,`c`.`path`,`c`.`published`,`c`.`rgt`,`c`.`title`,`c`.`modified_user_id`,`c`.`version`, CASE WHEN CHAR_LENGTH(`c`.`alias`) != 0 THEN CONCAT_WS(':', `c`.`id`, `c`.`alias`) ELSE `c`.`id` END as `slug` FROM `hcnov_categories` AS `s` INNER JOIN `hcnov_categories` AS `c` ON (`s`.`lft` < `c`.`lft` AND `c`.`lft` < `s`.`rgt` AND `c`.`language` IN (:preparedArray3,:preparedArray4)) OR (`c`.`lft` <= `s`.`lft` AND `s`.`rgt` <= `c`.`rgt`) WHERE (`c`.`extension` = :extension OR `c`.`extension` = 'system') AND `c`.`access` IN (:preparedArray1,:preparedArray2) AND `c`.`published` = 1 AND `s`.`id` = :id ORDER BY `c`.`lft`563μs19.13KBParams/libraries/src/Categories/Categories.php:375Copy
  • SELECT `alias` FROM `hcnov_content` WHERE `id` = :id74μs16.92KBParams/components/com_content/src/Service/Router.php:168Copy
  • SELECT `alias` FROM `hcnov_content` WHERE `id` = :id227μs16.92KBParams/components/com_content/src/Service/Router.php:168Copy
  • SELECT `c`.`id`,`c`.`asset_id`,`c`.`access`,`c`.`alias`,`c`.`checked_out`,`c`.`checked_out_time`,`c`.`created_time`,`c`.`created_user_id`,`c`.`description`,`c`.`extension`,`c`.`hits`,`c`.`language`,`c`.`level`,`c`.`lft`,`c`.`metadata`,`c`.`metadesc`,`c`.`metakey`,`c`.`modified_time`,`c`.`note`,`c`.`params`,`c`.`parent_id`,`c`.`path`,`c`.`published`,`c`.`rgt`,`c`.`title`,`c`.`modified_user_id`,`c`.`version`, CASE WHEN CHAR_LENGTH(`c`.`alias`) != 0 THEN CONCAT_WS(':', `c`.`id`, `c`.`alias`) ELSE `c`.`id` END as `slug` FROM `hcnov_categories` AS `s` INNER JOIN `hcnov_categories` AS `c` ON (`s`.`lft` < `c`.`lft` AND `c`.`lft` < `s`.`rgt` AND `c`.`language` IN (:preparedArray3,:preparedArray4)) OR (`c`.`lft` <= `s`.`lft` AND `s`.`rgt` <= `c`.`rgt`) WHERE (`c`.`extension` = :extension OR `c`.`extension` = 'system') AND `c`.`access` IN (:preparedArray1,:preparedArray2) AND `c`.`published` = 1 AND `s`.`id` = :id ORDER BY `c`.`lft`418μs19.13KBParams/libraries/src/Categories/Categories.php:375Copy
  • SELECT `alias` FROM `hcnov_content` WHERE `id` = :id183μs16.92KBParams/components/com_content/src/Service/Router.php:168Copy
  • SELECT `alias` FROM `hcnov_content` WHERE `id` = :id474μs16.92KBParams/components/com_content/src/Service/Router.php:168Copy
  • SELECT `c`.`id`,`c`.`asset_id`,`c`.`access`,`c`.`alias`,`c`.`checked_out`,`c`.`checked_out_time`,`c`.`created_time`,`c`.`created_user_id`,`c`.`description`,`c`.`extension`,`c`.`hits`,`c`.`language`,`c`.`level`,`c`.`lft`,`c`.`metadata`,`c`.`metadesc`,`c`.`metakey`,`c`.`modified_time`,`c`.`note`,`c`.`params`,`c`.`parent_id`,`c`.`path`,`c`.`published`,`c`.`rgt`,`c`.`title`,`c`.`modified_user_id`,`c`.`version`, CASE WHEN CHAR_LENGTH(`c`.`alias`) != 0 THEN CONCAT_WS(':', `c`.`id`, `c`.`alias`) ELSE `c`.`id` END as `slug` FROM `hcnov_categories` AS `s` INNER JOIN `hcnov_categories` AS `c` ON (`s`.`lft` < `c`.`lft` AND `c`.`lft` < `s`.`rgt` AND `c`.`language` IN (:preparedArray3,:preparedArray4)) OR (`c`.`lft` <= `s`.`lft` AND `s`.`rgt` <= `c`.`rgt`) WHERE (`c`.`extension` = :extension OR `c`.`extension` = 'system') AND `c`.`access` IN (:preparedArray1,:preparedArray2) AND `c`.`published` = 1 AND `s`.`id` = :id ORDER BY `c`.`lft`807μs19.13KBParams/libraries/src/Categories/Categories.php:375Copy
  • SELECT `alias` FROM `hcnov_content` WHERE `id` = :id138μs16.92KBParams/components/com_content/src/Service/Router.php:168Copy
  • SELECT `alias` FROM `hcnov_content` WHERE `id` = :id407μs16.92KBParams/components/com_content/src/Service/Router.php:168Copy
  • SELECT `c`.`id`,`c`.`asset_id`,`c`.`access`,`c`.`alias`,`c`.`checked_out`,`c`.`checked_out_time`,`c`.`created_time`,`c`.`created_user_id`,`c`.`description`,`c`.`extension`,`c`.`hits`,`c`.`language`,`c`.`level`,`c`.`lft`,`c`.`metadata`,`c`.`metadesc`,`c`.`metakey`,`c`.`modified_time`,`c`.`note`,`c`.`params`,`c`.`parent_id`,`c`.`path`,`c`.`published`,`c`.`rgt`,`c`.`title`,`c`.`modified_user_id`,`c`.`version`, CASE WHEN CHAR_LENGTH(`c`.`alias`) != 0 THEN CONCAT_WS(':', `c`.`id`, `c`.`alias`) ELSE `c`.`id` END as `slug` FROM `hcnov_categories` AS `s` INNER JOIN `hcnov_categories` AS `c` ON (`s`.`lft` < `c`.`lft` AND `c`.`lft` < `s`.`rgt` AND `c`.`language` IN (:preparedArray3,:preparedArray4)) OR (`c`.`lft` <= `s`.`lft` AND `s`.`rgt` <= `c`.`rgt`) WHERE (`c`.`extension` = :extension OR `c`.`extension` = 'system') AND `c`.`access` IN (:preparedArray1,:preparedArray2) AND `c`.`published` = 1 AND `s`.`id` = :id ORDER BY `c`.`lft`717μs19.13KBParams/libraries/src/Categories/Categories.php:375Copy
  • SELECT `alias` FROM `hcnov_content` WHERE `id` = :id134μs16.92KBParams/components/com_content/src/Service/Router.php:168Copy
  • SELECT `alias` FROM `hcnov_content` WHERE `id` = :id143μs16.92KBParams/components/com_content/src/Service/Router.php:168Copy
  • SELECT `c`.`id`,`c`.`asset_id`,`c`.`access`,`c`.`alias`,`c`.`checked_out`,`c`.`checked_out_time`,`c`.`created_time`,`c`.`created_user_id`,`c`.`description`,`c`.`extension`,`c`.`hits`,`c`.`language`,`c`.`level`,`c`.`lft`,`c`.`metadata`,`c`.`metadesc`,`c`.`metakey`,`c`.`modified_time`,`c`.`note`,`c`.`params`,`c`.`parent_id`,`c`.`path`,`c`.`published`,`c`.`rgt`,`c`.`title`,`c`.`modified_user_id`,`c`.`version`, CASE WHEN CHAR_LENGTH(`c`.`alias`) != 0 THEN CONCAT_WS(':', `c`.`id`, `c`.`alias`) ELSE `c`.`id` END as `slug` FROM `hcnov_categories` AS `s` INNER JOIN `hcnov_categories` AS `c` ON (`s`.`lft` < `c`.`lft` AND `c`.`lft` < `s`.`rgt` AND `c`.`language` IN (:preparedArray3,:preparedArray4)) OR (`c`.`lft` <= `s`.`lft` AND `s`.`rgt` <= `c`.`rgt`) WHERE (`c`.`extension` = :extension OR `c`.`extension` = 'system') AND `c`.`access` IN (:preparedArray1,:preparedArray2) AND `c`.`published` = 1 AND `s`.`id` = :id ORDER BY `c`.`lft`771μs19.13KBParams/libraries/src/Categories/Categories.php:375Copy
  • SELECT `alias` FROM `hcnov_content` WHERE `id` = :id137μs16.92KBParams/components/com_content/src/Service/Router.php:168Copy
  • SELECT `session_id` FROM `hcnov_session` WHERE `session_id` = ?518μs16.61KBParams/libraries/vendor/joomla/session/src/Handler/DatabaseHandler.php:291Copy
  • UPDATE `hcnov_session` SET `data` = ? , `time` = ? WHERE `session_id` = ?1.64ms1.66KBParamsCopy